 | Chapter 7 Advanced Editing |  |
| Chapter 7 Advanced Editing | |
You can display or read in the results of any UNIX
command while you are editing in vi.
An exclamation mark (!) tells
ex to create a shell and to regard what follows as a
UNIX command:
:!command
So if you are editing and you want to check the time or date without exiting vi, you can enter:
:!date
The time and date will appear on your screen; press [RETURN] to continue editing at the same place in your file.
If you want to give several UNIX commands in a row without returning to vi editing in between, you can create a shell with the ex command:
:sh
When you want to exit the shell and return to vi, press [CTRL-D].
You can combine :read with a call to UNIX, to
read the results of a UNIX command into your file.
As a very simple example:
:r !date
will read in the system's date information into the text of your file.
By preceding the :r command with a line address, you can read
the result of the command in at any desired point in your file. By
default, it will appear after the current line.
Suppose you are editing a file and want to read in four phone numbers from a file called phone, but in alphabetical order. phone reads:
Willing, Sue 333-4444 Walsh, Linda 555-6666 Quercia, Valerie 777-8888 Dougherty, Nancy 999-0000
The command:
:r !sort phone
reads in the contents of phone after they have been passed through the sort filter:
Dougherty, Nancy 999-0000 Quercia, Valerie 777-8888 Walsh, Linda 555-6666 Willing, Sue 333-4444
Suppose you are editing a file and want to insert text from
another file in the directory, but you can't remember the new file's name.
You could perform this task the long way: exit your
file, give the ls command, note the correct filename,
reenter your file, and search for your place.
Or you could do the task in fewer steps:
| Keystrokes | Results |
|---|---|
:!ls | file1 file2 letter newfile practice |
Display list of files in directory. Note correct filename. Press RETURN to continue editing. | |
:r newfile | "newfile 35 lines, 949 characters |
Read in the new file. |
You can also send a block of text as standard input to a UNIX command. The output from this command replaces the block of text in the buffer. You can filter text through a command from either ex or vi. The main difference between the two methods is that you indicate the block of text with line addresses in ex and with text objects (movement commands) in vi.
The first example demonstrates how to filter text with ex. Assume that the list of names in the preceding example, instead of being contained in a separate file called phone, is already contained in the current file on lines 96 through 99. You simply type the addresses of the lines you want to filter, followed by an exclamation mark and the UNIX command to be executed. For example, the command:
:96,99!sort
will pass lines 96 through 99 through the sort filter and replace those lines with the output of sort.
In vi text is filtered through a UNIX command by typing an exclamation mark followed by any of vi's movement keystrokes that indicate a block of text, and then by the UNIX command line to be executed. For example:
!)command
will pass the next sentence through command.
There are a couple of unusual features about how vi acts when you use this feature.
First, the exclamation mark doesn't appear on your screen right away. When you type the keystroke(s) for the text object you want to filter, the exclamation mark appears at the bottom of the screen, but the character you type to reference the object does not.
Second, text blocks must be more than one line, so
you can use only the keystrokes that would move more than one line
( G, { }, ( ), [[ ]], +, - ).
To repeat the effect,
a number may precede either the exclamation mark or the text object.
(For example, both !10+ and 10!+ would indicate the
next ten lines.)
Objects such as w do not work unless
enough of them are specified so as to exceed a single line.
You can also use a slash (/) followed by a pattern and
a carriage return to specify the object.
This takes the text up to the pattern as input to the command.
Third, there is a special text object that can be used only with this command syntax: you can specify the current line by entering a second exclamation mark:
!!command
Remember that either the entire sequence or the text object can be preceded by a number to repeat the effect. For instance, to change lines 96 through 99 as in the above example, you could position the cursor on line 96 and enter either:
4!!sort
or:
!4!sort
As another example, assume you have a portion of text in a file
that you want to change from lowercase to uppercase letters.
You could process that portion with the tr command to change the case.
In this example, the second sentence is the block of text
that will be filtered to the command.
One sentence before. With a screen editor you can scroll the page move the cursor, delete lines, insert characters, and more, while seeing the results of your edits as you make them. One sentence after. |
| Keystrokes | Results |
|---|---|
!) | One sentence after. ~ ~ ~ !_ |
An exclamation mark appears on the last line to prompt you for the UNIX command. | |
tr `[a-z]` `[A-Z]` | One sentence before. WITH A SCREEN EDITOR YOU CAN SCROLL THE PAGE MOVE THE CURSOR, DELETE LINES, INSERT CHARACTERS, AND MORE, WHILE SEEING THE RESULTS OF YOUR EDITS AS YOU MAKE THEM. One sentence after. |
Enter the UNIX command and press RETURN. The input is replaced by the output. |
To repeat the previous command, the syntax is:
! object !
It is sometimes useful to send sections of a coded document to nroff to be replaced by formatted output. Remember that the "original" input is replaced by the output. Fortunately, if there is a mistake, such as an error message being sent instead of the expected output, you can undo the command and restore the lines.
|  | |
| 7.1 Customizing vi |  | 7.3 Saving Commands |
